Publikationen
Es wurden 6 Publikationen gefunden
Palomeque, X.; Stimm, B. & Günter, S. (2020): Case study 3: Facilitating biodiversity through the shelter effects of Pinus patula and Alnus acuminata in montane ecosystems in southern Ecuador. In: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) (eds.): Guidelines for forest landscape restoration in the tropics (ITTO Policy Development Series No. 24 PS-24), International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Yokohama, Japan, 89 - 91.
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Forest plantations with exotic species in southern Ecuador have mostly been characterized as having negative externalities in both ecological and economic terms. After ten years of research in mountain forests in southern Ecuador on restoration and reforestation, several native tree species with good growth responses (e.g. Handroanthus chrysanthus, Cedrela montana and Juglans neotropica) have been identified in open field conditions. Some species (e.g. Podocarpus oleifolius and P. sprucei) were able to grow under the shelter provided by Pinus and Alnus trees.
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Keywords: |
biodiversity |
landscape restoration |
capacity building |
Cueva Ortiz, J.L.; Espinosa, C.I.; Quiroz Dahik, C.; Aguirre, Z.; Cueva Ortiz, E.; Guzman, E.; Weber, M. & Hildebrandt, P. (2019): Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure of a Dry Forest in the Central Part of the Tumbesian Region (Ecuador–Perú). Forests 10(1), 31.
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DOI: 10.3390/f10010031
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Abstract:
Abstract:
The dry forest of southern Ecuador and northern Perú (called the Tumbesian region) is known for its high diversity, endemism, and healthy conservation state. Nevertheless, the forest is exposed to many threats linked with human activities. To understand the effects of these threats, which have not been appropriately assessed, we pose two questions: (a) What are the diversity and structural situations of the forest? (b) Are anthropogenic activities affecting the composition and structure of the forest? The assessed factors were species richness, diversity, species similarity, abundance, and density. Forest information was obtained from 72 plots (total area 25.92 ha) randomly placed to cover a wide range of stand densities (from 200 to 1100 m a.s.l.). After constructing linear mixed models and selecting the most influential one, we determined the individual influences of 12 predictors. The human pressure index (HPI) was the most negative predictor of forest health, and annual precipitation was the most important abiotic predictor of good health conditions. Livestock grazing did not significantly change the diversity and structure of mature forest. The mean annual temperature and stoniness influenced only the basal area and number of individuals, respectively. The species composition in our study area was not affected by the HPI, but was strongly predicted by annual precipitation.
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Keywords: |
biodiversity |
species richness |
human pressure |
goats |
Knoke, T.; Paul, C.; Rammig, A.; Gosling, E.; Hildebrandt, P.; Härtl, F.; Peters, T.; Richter, M.; Diertl, K.; Castro, L.M.; Calvas, B.; Ochoa Moreno, S.; Valle-Carrión, L.A.; Hamer, U.; Tischer, A.; Potthast, K.; Windhorst, D.; Homeier, J.; Wilcke, W.; Velescu, A.; Gerique, A.; Pohle, P.; Adams, J.; Breuer, L.; Mosandl, R.; Beck, E.; Weber, M.; Stimm, B.; Silva, B.; Verburg, P.H. & Bendix, J. (2020): Accounting for multiple ecosystem services in a simulation of land-use decisions: Does it reduce tropical deforestation?. Global Change Biology 26( ), 1-22.
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DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15003
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Abstract Conversion of tropical forests is among the primary causes of global environmental change. The loss of their important environmental services has prompted calls to integrate ecosystem services (ES) in addition to socio-economic objectives in decision-making. To test the effect of accounting for both ES and socio-economic objectives in land-use decisions, we develop a new dynamic approach to model deforestation scenarios for tropical mountain forests. We integrate multi-objective optimization of land allocation with an innovative approach to consider uncertainty spaces for each objective. These uncertainty spaces account for potential variability among decision-makers, who may have different expectations about the future. When optimizing only socio-economic objectives, the model continues the past trend in deforestation (1975–2015) in the projected land-use allocation (2015–2070). Based on indicators for biomass production, carbon storage, climate and water regulation, and soil quality, we show that considering multiple ES in addition to the socio-economic objectives has heterogeneous effects on land-use allocation. It saves some natural forest if the natural forest share is below 38%, and can stop deforestation once the natural forest share drops below 10%. For landscapes with high shares of forest (38%–80% in our study), accounting for multiple ES under high uncertainty of their indicators may, however, accelerate deforestation. For such multifunctional landscapes, two main effects prevail: (a) accelerated expansion of diversified non-natural areas to elevate the levels of the indicators and (b) increased landscape diversification to maintain multiple ES, reducing the proportion of natural forest. Only when accounting for vascular plant species richness as an explicit objective in the optimization, deforestation was consistently reduced. Aiming for multifunctional landscapes may therefore conflict with the aim of reducing deforestation, which we can quantify here for the first time. Our findings are relevant for identifying types of landscapes where this conflict may arise and to better align respective policies.
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Keywords: |
Ecuador |
biodiversity |
ecosystem services |
landscape restoration |
land allocation |
robust optimization |
Pérez Postigo, I.; Silva, B. & Bendix, J. (2015): Potential of Remotely Sensed Image Textures for Predicting Herbivory in the Ecuadorian Andes Fachbereich Philipps-Universität Marburg, Geographie , master thesis
Werner, F.A.; Köster, N.; Kessler, M. & Gradstein, S.R. (2011): Is the resilience of epiphyte assemblages to human disturbance a function of local climate?. Ecotropica 17, 15-20.
Behling, H. & Schüler, L. (2010): Characteristics of Poaceae pollen grains as a tool to assess palaeoecological grassland dynamics in South America. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20, 97-108.
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DOI: 10.1007/s00334-010-0264-0
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Abstract:
Abstract:
During the Quaternary, in particular during
glacial times, different grassland ecosystems played a
much larger role and had a significantly larger distribution.
Little is known yet about past development, biodiversity
and dynamics of grassland ecosystems. In this innovative
study, we attempt to distinguish between different South
American grassland types in space and time based on
morphological pollen grain characteristics of Poaceae. For
this purpose[60?80 Poaceae pollen grains of 20 grassland
samples were measured using their length, width and pore
diameter as well as annulus width. Samples were taken
from five sites in wet Pa´ramo vegetation from the Late
Pleistocene to the Late Holocene in South Ecuador and
from two sites in the south-eastern Brazilian highlands
(Campos do Altitude) of the same period. Additionally, we
investigated two samples from a Pampa site as well as six
samples from one Campos grassland site in southern Brazil
from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. Subsets of
samples of the Campos grasslands and of the Pa´ramo were
investigated in order to retrieve more detailed information
on patterns within these vegetation types. Multivariate data
analysis of the complete data set shows changes in taxonomic
composition along an elevational gradient in the
Pa´ramo grasslands. Our results reveal a highly dynamic
development of the individual grassland types; they also
provide interesting information on Poaceae taxa composition
patterns, development and possibly changes in
biodiversity within these ecosystems. Moreover, our data
provide an indication about the origin and dynamics of the
Campos ecosystems in the southern Brazilian highlands
during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene before and
after the onset of human activities.
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Keywords: |
biodiversity |
grassland |
South America |
Poaceae |
pollen grain morphology |
grain size |
Pampa |