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Water chemistry measured weekly to biweekly in the forest stream Q.Milagro

When the time is 00:00:00 that means we did not take the time or are unsure of it

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Taken from Boy (2008):
Successful conservation of tropical montane forest, one of the most threatened
ecosystems on earth, requires detailed knowledge of its biogeochemistry. Of particular
interest is the response of the biogeochemical element cycles to external influences such
as element deposition or climate change. Therefore the overall objective of my study
was to contribute to improved understanding of role and functioning of the Andean
tropical montane forest. In detail, my objectives were to determine (1) the role of long-
range transported aerosols and their transport mechanisms, and (2) the role of short-term
extreme climatic events for the element budget of Andean tropical forest.
     In a whole-catchment approach including three 8-13 ha microcatchments under
tropical montane forest on the east-exposed slope of the eastern cordillera in the south
Ecuadorian Andes at 1850-2200 m above sea level I monitored at least in weekly
resolution the concentrations and fluxes of Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3-N, NH4-N, DON, P, S,
TOC, Mn, and Al in bulk deposition, throughfall, litter leachate, soil solution at the 0.15
and 0.3 m depths, and runoff between May 1998 and April 2003. I also used
meteorological data from my study area collected by cooperating researchers and the
Brazilian meteorological service (INPE), as well as remote sensing products of the
North American and European space agencies NASA and ESA.
    My results show that (1) there was a strong interannual variation in deposition of Ca
[4.4-29 kg ha-1 a-1], Mg [1.6-12], and K [9.8-30]) between 1998 and 2003. High
deposition changed the Ca and Mg budgets of the catchments from loss to retention,
suggesting that the additionally available Ca and Mg was used by the ecosystem.
Increased base metal deposition was related to dust outbursts of the Sahara and an
Amazonian precipitation pattern with trans-regional dry spells allowing for dust
transport to the Andes. The increased base metal deposition coincided with a strong La
Niña event in 1999/2000. There were also significantly elevated H+, N, and Mn
depositions during the annual biomass burning period in the Amazon basin. Elevated H+
deposition during the biomass burning period caused elevated base metal loss from the
canopy and the organic horizon and deteriorated already low base metal supply of the
vegetation. Nitrogen was only retained during biomass burning but not during non-fire
conditions when deposition was much smaller. Therefore biomass burning-related
aerosol emissions in Amazonia seem large enough to substantially increase element
deposition at the western rim of Amazonia. Particularly the related increase of acid
deposition impoverishes already base-metal scarce ecosystems. As biomass burning is
most intense during El Niño situations, a shortened ENSO cycle because of global
warming likely enhances the acid deposition at my study forest.
    (2) Storm events causing near-surface water flow through C- and nutrient-rich
topsoil during rainstorms were the major export pathway for C, N, Al, and Mn
(contributing >50% to the total export of these elements). Near-surface flow also
accounted for one third of total base metal export. This demonstrates that storm-event
related near-surface flow markedly affects the cycling of many nutrients in steep
tropical montane forests. Changes in the rainfall regime possibly associated with global
climate change will therefore also change element export from the study forest.
    Element budgets of Andean tropical montane rain forest proved to be markedly
affected by long-range transport of Saharan dust, biomass burning-related aerosols, or
strong rainfalls during storm events. Thus, increased acid and nutrient deposition and
the global climate change probably drive the tropical montane forest to another state
with unknown consequences for its functions and biological diversity.

Water chemistry measured weekly to biweekly in the second pasture stream which we named Q.Cruces because it used to have three crosses right where it met the road (they have been removed now)

When the time is 00:00:00 that means we did not take the time or are unsure of it

Dip samples of stable isotopes of water (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium) were collected in a weekly basis. The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (Picarro L1102-i, CA, US).

Samples were collected at the subcatchment outlet, under the bridge of the main road Loja-Zamora

Water chemistry measured weekly to biweekly in the forest stream Q.Ramón BEFORE channel diversion. After channel diversion there is an inlet of a natural well and the water chemistry is changed. This is the dataset before the water is mixed with well water and represents the "original" water quality of the forest stream

When the time is 00:00:00 that means we did not take the time or are unsure of it

Weekly bulk samples of Pasture soil water (1975 m.a.s.l) collected at three depths (10, 25 and 40 cm) for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Long term series of weekly total of incident pricipitation (mean of 5 replicates), pH and EC of bulked PCP samples.
NOTE: PCP volumes from > April 2003 need to be quality checked (rate 50 to 20). 

Taken from Fleischbein et al. (2005):
Rainfall interception in forests is influenced by properties of the canopy that tend to vary over small distances. Our objectives were: (i) to determine the variables needed to model the interception loss of the canopy of a lower montane forest in south Ecuador, i.e. the storage capacity of the leaves S and of the trunks and branches S-t, and the fractions of direct throughfall p and stemflow p(t); (ii) to assess the influence of canopy density and epiphyte coverage of trees on the interception of rainfall and subsequent evaporation losses.
The study site was located on the eastern slope of the eastern cordillera in the south Ecuadorian Andes at 1900-2000 m above sea level. We monitored incident rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow between April 1998 and April 2001. In 2001, the leaf area index (LAI), inferred from light transmission, and epiphyte coverage was determined.

The mean annual incident rainfall at three gauging stations ranged between 2319 and 2561 mm. The mean annual interception loss at five study transects in the forest varied between 591 and 1321 mm, i.e. between 25 and 52% of the incident rainfall. Mean S was estimated at 1(.)91 mm for relatively dry weeks with a regression model and at 2(.)46 mm for all weeks with the analytical Gash model; the respective estimates of mean S-t were 0(.)04 mm and 0(.)09 mm, of mean p were 0(.)42 and 0(.)63, and of mean pt were 0(.)003 and 0(.)012. The LAI ranged from 5(.)19 to 9(.)32. Epiphytes, mostly bryophytes, covered up to 80% of the trunk and branch surfaces. The fraction of direct throughfall p and the LAI correlated significantly with interception loss (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = -0(.)77 and 0(.)35 respectively, n = 40). Bryophyte and lichen coverage tended to decrease S, and vascular epiphytes tended to increase it, although there was no significant correlation between epiphyte coverage and interception loss. Our results demonstrate that canopy density influences interception loss but only explains part of the total variation in interception loss. Copyright (c) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Long term series of weekly total of incident pricipitation (mean of 5 replicates), pH and EC of bulked PCP samples.
NOTE: PCP volumes from > April 2003 need to be quality checked (rate 50 to 20).

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Sampling was located near to the river San Francisco (and near to the Research station)

Hand-Dip Sampling for the collection of spring water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Sampling location is near to the right bank of Quebrada Ramon

Weekly bulk samples of Forest soil water (1825 m.a.s.l) collected at three depths (10, 25 and 40 cm) for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Water chemistry measured weekly to biweekly in a disturbed stream Q.Navidades

When the time is 00:00:00 that means we did not take the time or are unsure of it

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Weekly (bulk) data of isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium) of rainfall collected at the main entrance of the facilities of the Research Station (ECSF, 1900 masl). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US). Data set derived from rainfall events.

Dip samples of stable isotopes of water (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium) collected in a weekly basis. The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Hand-Dip sampling for the collection of surface water for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).

Weekly bulk samples of Pasture soil water (1925 m.a.s.l) collected at three depths (10, 25 and 40 cm) for the analysis of stable isotopes (Oxygen-18 and Deuterium). The water isotopic composition was analyzed by wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with a precision of 0.1 ‰ for Oxygen-18 and 0.5 for Deuterium (PicarroL1102-i, CA, US).