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Measurements of gas flux (CO2, CH4, N2O) in canopy soils of NUMEX plots on four dates (Sept/Nov 2011 and Jan/April 2012). Measurements were taken in 3 of the 4 NUMEX blocks at each elevation; treatments measured included C, N, NP and P.

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Tree functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, foliar N, foliar P, leaf toughness, bark thickness, wood specific gravity, sapwood vessel density, sapwood vessel diameter, sapwood-specific conductivity) recorded in the upper montane forests of the Podocarpus National Park (Cajanuma entrance).

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The dataset includes physical properties of the mineral soils on forest and pasture core plots in Cajanuma during sampling campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Three soil profiles were established on each core plot. Respresentative samples were taken from each horizon, dried and transported to Germany for laboratory analyses. Bulk density was measured in the topsoil with undisturbed soil cores. Soil texture was measured with a combined sieving and pipetting method after oxidation of organic matter and chemical dispersion of aggregates.

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Herbivory estimated as leaf area loss [cm^2] and [%] and leaf traits were generated from sun-exposed leaves of 380 tree canopies belonging to 51 tree species (7 +/- 1 tree individual per species) located within the nine 1 ha forest core plots at 1000 m (Bombuscaro), 2000 m (San Francisco), and 3000 m (Cajanuma) in the Podocarpus Nationalpark and the Reserva Biológica San Francisco in southern Ecuador between February and March in 2019.
To estimate herbivory, 20 +/- 5 leaves per tree were scanned and analyzed with the software WinFOLIA. Leaf traits were either measured conventionally with morphometrical and chemical measurement techniques or spectrally with an OceanOptics spectrometer HDX to identify the reflectance wavebands of certain molecular foliar structures.

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The dataset includes chemical properties of the mineral soil associated with the PFT trees species of the core plots in Bombuscaro, San Francisco and Cajanuma. The samples were taken during sampling campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Respresentative samples were taken from the mineral soil at five locations close to each tree from 0-10 cm soil depth, bulked in the field, dried at 40 °C at the ECSF and transported to Germany for laboratory analyses. Total carbon, nitrogen and sulfur were measured by elemental analysis via thermal combustion in milled aliquots. Available P was measured in the < 2mm soil fraction after extraction by the Olsen method with 0.5 M NaHCO3 and measurement by continuous flow analysis.

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The dataset includes chemical properties of the organic layer and mineral soil on forest and pastures core plots in Cajanuma during sampling campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Three soil profiles were established on each core plot. Respresentative samples were taken from each horizon, dried and transported to Germany for laboratory analyses. Available nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) was immediately extracted in the laboratory of the ECSF with 1 M KCl. The extracts were frozen and sent to Germany for laboratory analyses by continuous flow analysis. Following properties were measured in the < 2mm soil fraction: available P after extraction by the Olsen method with 0.5 M NaHCO3 and measurement by continuous flow analysis, total element concentrations Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, C, N, S, P, K, Na, Mg, Ca after microwave pressure digestion with HNO3, H2O2 and HF and measurement by by ICP-OES or ICP-MS, effective cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations Ca, Na, Mg, K, Al, Fe, Mn after unbuffered extraction with 1M NH4NO3 and measurement by ICP-OES.

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Abundance of ant species were collected during the wet and the dry season 2014 on the core plots and intermediate elevation levels (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000) on disturbed and undisturbed forest plots.