Publications
Found 380 publication(s)
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Dashpurev, B.; Wesche, K.; Jäschke, Y.; Oyundelger, K.; Phan, T.N.; Bendix, J. & Lehnert, L. (2021): A cost-effective method to monitor vegetation changes in steppes ecosystems: A case study on remote sensing of fire and infrastructure effects in eastern Mongolia. Ecological Indicators 132, 108331.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108331
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Land degradation is a major environmental and social issue in temperate steppes. It is commonly determined from vegetation cover using remote sensing techniques. Steppes in eastern Mongolia are subject to resource extraction activities, such as mining and oil extraction, which affect land degradation. Recent technological progress in remote sensing has facilitated the acquirement of high-resolution data by, for example, the CubeSat satellite or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), providing data for detailed maps of vegetation cover and plant functional groups (PFGs). Traditional methods for monitoring vegetation cover often face typical scale issues, such as the upscaling of vegetation parameters if plot-scale field measurements are integrated to satellite data. Here, we studied the spatial distribution of PFG using machine learning and a combination of field measurements, UAV imagery (spatial resolution: 2 cm), and PlanetScope multi-temporal imagery. We provide two products at two spatial resolutions: one for UAV data, which is restricted to comparatively small areas around field measurements, and one for PlanetScope, which covers large parts of northeastern Mongolia. The results showed that the overall accuracies of UAV classification were 91–95%, whereas those of PlanetScope were 78–95%. In integrating the classified UAV data to the PlaneScope data, our proposed model minimized the scale issue that often impedes classification. Importantly, our findings revealed that the ecological effects of dirt road and railroad extended up to 60–120 m into the adjacent, otherwise less degraded steppe vegetation. A comparison between burned and unburned areas in different years indicates that wildfires affect the composition of PFG in reducing the fractional cover of graminoids and forbs, and that increasing cover of bare ground leads to a distinct and patchy mosaic of different vegetation types.
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Keywords: |
Remote sensing |
PlanetScope |
Unmanned aerial vehicle |
Steppe fire |
Plant functional group |
Land degradation |
Random forest |
Wagemann, J.; Siemen, S.; Seeger, B. & Bendix, J. (2021): A user perspective on future cloud-based services for Big Earth data. International Journal of Digital Earth 14, 1-17.
Pérez-Postigo, I.; Vibrans, H.; Bendix, J. & Cuevas-Guzmán, R. (2021): Floristic composition and potential invasiveness of alien herbaceous plant in Western Mexico. Revista de Biolog{'i}a Tropical 69(3), 1037-1054.
Wagemann, J.; Siemen, S.; Seeger, B. & Bendix, J. (2021): Users of open Big Earth data – An analysis of the current state. Computers & Geosciences 157, 104916.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104916
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Abstract:
Abstract:
The broad dissemination of open data policies for Big Earth data leads to a diversification of users. The literacy in data and data handling differs for each user group, resulting in different needs and requirements. In addition, the development of cloud-based data systems challenges traditional workflows of all users. In order to tailor new cloud-based data systems for Earth data users, it is of utmost importance to obtain a better understanding of users in terms of the type of data they explore, the applications they need the data for, the way they access and process data, and the challenges they face. This is an indispensable prerequisite to ensure an increased uptake of Big Earth data in the future. In order to get a better insight in the requirements and challenges of users coping with Big Earth data, we run a comprehensive web-based user survey. Our results, inclined to users of Big Earth data in Europe and the North American continent, reveal that a majority of survey respondents still download copies of data onto their local machine and handle and process data locally with a combination of programming and desktop-based software. However, survey respondents are facing severe problems related to the growing data volumes, the data heterogeneity and the limited processing capacities for their demanding applications. Thus, they show a specific interest in using cloud-based data services in the near future but express the need for an easier data discovery and the interoperability of data systems. Based on the survey findings, we draw a set of recommendations to make Big Earth data more FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and re-useable).
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Keywords: |
User requirements |
Open data policy |
Cloud-based systems |
Big Earth data |
Noskov, A.; Achilles, S. & Bendix, J. (2021): Presence and Biomass Information Extraction from Highly Uncertain Data of an Experimental Low-Range Insect Radar Setup. Diversity 13(9), 452.
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DOI: 10.3390/d13090452
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Abstract:
Systematic, practicable, and global solutions are required for insect monitoring to address species decline and pest management concerns. Compact frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar can facilitate these processes. In this work, we evaluate a 60 GHz low-range FMCW radar device for its applicability to insect monitoring. Initial tests showed that radar parameters should be carefully selected. We defined optimal radar configuration during the first experiment and developed a methodology for individual target observation. In the second experiment, we tried various individual-insect targets, including small ones. The third experiment was devoted to mass-insect-target detection. All experiments were intentionally conducted in very uncertain conditions to make them closer to a real field situation. A novel parameter, the Sum of Sequential Absolute Magnitude Differences (SSAMD), has been proposed for uncertainty reduction and noisy data processing. SSAMD enables insect target presence detection and biomass estimation. We have defined ranges of SSAMD for distinguishing noise, insects, and other larger targets (e.g., bats, birds, or other larger objects). We have provided evidence of the high correlation between insect numbers and the average of SSAMD values proving the biomass estimation possibility. This work confirms that such radar devices can be used for insect monitoring. We plan to use the evaluated system assembled with a light trap for real fieldwork in the future.
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Keywords: |
light trap |
FMCW radar |
insect monitoring |
noise dynamics |
Velescu, A.; Homeier, J.; Bendix, J.; Valarezo, C. & Wilcke, W. (2021): Response of water-bound fluxes of potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium to nutrient additions in an Ecuadorian tropical montane forest. Forest Ecology and Management 501, 119661.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119661
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Abstract:
Abstract:
In the past two decades, the Amazon-exposed, tropical montane rain forests in south Ecuador experienced increasing deposition of reactive N mainly from Amazonian forest fires, episodic Ca and Mg inputs from Saharan dust, and a low but constant P deposition from unknown sources. To explore the response of this tropical, perhumid ecosystem to nutrient inputs, we established in 2007 a Nutrient Manipulation Experiment (NUMEX). Since 2008, we have applied 50 kg ha−1 year−1 of N as urea, 10 kg ha−1 year−1 of P as NaH2PO4·H2O, 50 kg ha−1 year−1 of N + 10 kg ha−1 year−1 of P and 10 kg ha−1 year−1 of Ca as CaCl2·H2O in a randomized block design at 2000 m a.s.l. in a natural forest of the south Ecuadorian Andes. Previous studies have shown that alkali and alkaline earth metals had beneficial effects on the functioning of N and P co-limited tropical forests occurring on acidic soils. Therefore, we determined the response of all major aqueous ecosystem fluxes of K, Ca, Mg and Na to nutrient amendments, to understand how increasing atmospheric deposition would affect their cycling in the future. Additions of N and P decreased K leaching from the organic layer and in the mineral soil, thus tightening K cycling. This suggests that increasing future N and P availability may result in K limitation in the long term. The leaching of Ca and Mg from the canopy increased in response to amendments of N and P and we observed an enhanced uptake of these nutrients also if Ca was amended alone. Although N was applied as urea, acidity of soil solutions and leaching of K, Ca, Mg and Na did not increase following separate N amendments. In spite of the acid soils and of its low cation-exchange competitivity, Na included in the P fertilizer was only partly leached from the organic layer. We suggest that it was probably required to cover an unmet Na demand of the soil fauna. Our results demonstrate the major role in the functioning of the tropical montane forests played by K, Ca and Mg as potential future growth-limiting elements and increasingly required nutrients in response to rising N and P availability, while they also support the importance of Na as a functional element in these ecosystems.
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Keywords: |
Nutrient manipulation experiment |
Nitrogen |
phosphorus and calcium amendments |
Nutrient cycling |
Alkali and alkaline earth metals |
Base cations |
Reiners, P.; Asam, S.; Frey, C.; Holzwarth, S.; Bachmann, M.; Sobrino, J.; Göttsche, F.; Bendix, J. & Kuenzer, C. (2021): Validation of AVHRR Land Surface Temperature with MODIS and In Situ LST—A TIMELINE Thematic Processor. Remote Sensing 13(17), 1-16.
Häusser, M.; Szymczak, S.; Knerr, I.; Bendix, J.; Garel, E.; Huneau, F.; Trachte, K.; Santoni, S. & Bräuning, A. (2021): The Dry and the Wet Case: Tree Growth Response in Climatologically Contrasting Years on the Island of Corsica. Forests 12(9), 1-16.
Grigusova, P.; Larsen, A.; Achilles, S.; Klug, A.; Fischer, R.; Kraus, D.; Übernickel, K.; Paulino, L.; Pliscoff, P.; Brandl, R.; Farwig, N. & Bendix, J. (2021): Area-Wide Prediction of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hole Density and Depth across a Climate Gradient in Chile Based on UAV and Machine Learning. Drones 5(3), -.
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DOI: 10.3390/drones5030086
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Burrowing animals are important ecosystem engineers affecting soil properties, as their burrowing activity leads to the redistribution of nutrients and soil carbon sequestration. The magnitude of these effects depends on the spatial density and depth of such burrows, but a method to derive this type of spatially explicit data is still lacking. In this study, we test the potential of using consumer-oriented UAV RGB imagery to determine the density and depth of holes created by burrowing animals at four study sites along a climate gradient in Chile, by combining UAV data with empirical field plot observations and machine learning techniques. To enhance the limited spectral information in RGB imagery, we derived spatial layers representing vegetation type and height and used landscape textures and diversity to predict hole parameters. Across-site models for hole density generally performed better than those for depth, where the best-performing model was for the invertebrate hole density (R2 = 0.62). The best models at individual study sites were obtained for hole density in the arid climate zone (R2 = 0.75 and 0.68 for invertebrates and vertebrates, respectively). Hole depth models only showed good to fair performance. Regarding predictor importance, the models heavily relied on vegetation height, texture metrics, and diversity indices.
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Keywords: |
machine learning |
Chile |
UAV |
Burrowing animals |
climate gradient |
vegetation patterns |
heterogeneity |
Dantas de Paula, M.; Forrest, M.; Langan, L.; Bendix, J.; Homeier, J.; Velescu, A.; Wilcke, W. & Hickler, T. (2021): Nutrient cycling drives plant community trait assembly and ecosystem functioning in a tropical mountain biodiversity hotspot. New Phytologist 2021, 1-16.
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DOI: 10.1111/nph.17600
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Community trait assembly in highly diverse tropical rainforests is still poorly understood.
Based on more than a decade of field measurements in a biodiversity hotspot of southern
Ecuador, we implemented plant trait variation and improved soil organic matter dynamics in a
widely used dynamic vegetation model (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator,
LPJ-GUESS) to explore the main drivers of community assembly along an elevational gradient.
In the model used here (LPJ-GUESS-NTD, where NTD stands for nutrient-trait dynamics),
each plant individual can possess different trait combinations, and the community trait composition
emerges via ecological sorting. Further model developments include plant growth
limitation by phosphorous (P) and mycorrhizal nutrient uptake.
The new model version reproduced the main observed community trait shift and related
vegetation processes along the elevational gradient, but only if nutrient limitations to plant
growth were activated. In turn, when traits were fixed, low productivity communities
emerged due to reduced nutrient-use efficiency. Mycorrhizal nutrient uptake, when deactivated,
reduced net primary production (NPP) by 61–72% along the gradient.
Our results strongly suggest that the elevational temperature gradient drives community
assembly and ecosystem functioning indirectly through its effect on soil nutrient dynamics
and vegetation traits. This illustrates the importance of considering these processes to yield
realistic model predictions.
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Keywords: |
South Ecuador |
Modeling |
LPJ |
Pohl, M.; Lehnert, L.; Bader, M.; Gradstein, S.R.; Viehweger, J. & Bendix, J. (2021): A new fog and low stratus retrieval for tropical South America reveals widespread fog in lowland forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 264, 112620.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112620
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Fog-driven epiphyte-rich tropical cloud forests were long believed to be restricted to mountainous regions. Recent studies have shown the occurrence of such forest types in the lowlands of French Guiana, where early morning radiation fog was shown to modify the water and energy cycles at the canopy level of the tropical lowland rain forest (Gehrig-Downie et al., 2012; Obregon et al., 2011). Since this newly discovered Tropical Lowland Cloud Forest (TLCF) harbours a unique biodiversity comparable to mountain cloud forests, knowledge of its spatial distribution across tropical lowland forests is of large ecological interest, but so far fully unknown. A prerequisite to detect potential TLCF stands is knowledge on the spatial occurrence of fog/low stratus clouds (FLS) over longer time scales, indicating fog frequency. We address this need on a continental scale by presenting the first spatially-explicit, high-resolution product on nocturnal FLS occurrence over the entire tropical lowland rain forest area of South America. The product is based on a new FLS retrieval scheme that uses brightness temperature (BT) information of night-time satellite images acquired by the Aqua Moderate Imaging Spectror adiometer (Aqua MODIS). Since landforms substantially influence small-scale FLS development, we used a dy namic threshold technique depending on the spatially variable subpixel information on landform suitability for FLS generation. The product was successfully validated against in-situ visibility measurements combined with a plausibility analysis based on the published but scarce fog observations over the Amazon. The independence of the new algorithm from measured total precipitable water (TPW) is an improvement over existing procedures that are limited to the availability of these ancillary data. The FLS frequency map for the entire tropical lowland forest of South America derived from over 52,000 scenes (18 years from 2003 to 2020 inclusive) indicates that FLS is widespread, though spatially differentiated, throughout the tropical lowland forests of South America, providing suitable environmental conditions for the TLCF. This knowledge on the spatial distribution of potential TLCF is of major importance for conservation efforts. The new FLS scheme is applicable to all tropical lowland forests and can therefore support global conservation efforts of the valuable TLCF ecosystems.
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Keywords: |
cloud forest |
TERRA/AQUA-MODIS |
fog and low stratus detection |
FLS |
Knerr, I.; Trachte, K.; Egli, S.; Barth, J.; Bräuning, A.; Garel, E.; Häusser, M.; Huneau, F.; Juhlke, T.; Santoni, S.; Szymczak, S.; van Geldern, R. & Bendix, J. (2021): Fog - low stratus (FLS) regimes on Corsica with wind and PBLH as key drivers. Atmospheric Research 261, 105731.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105731
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Abstract:
Abstract:
The French Mediterranean island of Corsica is already today confronted with a clear tendency towards water shortage, leading not only to socio-economical, but also to ecological problems. A potential, but not very widespread source of water is the presence of near-ground clouds, mostly fog. In this study, we investigate fog-low stratus (FLS) frequencies in Corsica, derived from a data set of Meteosat Second Generation SEVIRI, whereby a distinction between fog and low stratus is hardly feasible using remote sensing data. The FLS frequency was studied with respect to its interaction with distinct locally-generated wind and its dependence on the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) obtained by ERA5 reanalysis (the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF). Results show that radiation FLS is formed in coastal areas at sunrise, with low PBLH. On the other hand, in the interior of the island at sunset, a maximum of advection FLS is formed, fostered by locally-generated and related transport of moisture. On the east side of the island, FLS frequency is lower throughout the year due to frequent lee situations. This situation is reinforced by reduced synoptic moisture transport by westerly winds, so that westerly exposed slopes benefit from moisture input by FLS formation.
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Keywords: |
Corsica |
Mediterranean |
Fog Low Stratus |
Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) |
Planetary Boundary Layer |
Locally-generated wind |
Pérez-Postigo, I.; Bendix, J.; Vibrans, H. & Cuevas-Guzmán, R. (2021): Diversity of alien roadside herbs along an elevational gradient in western Mexico. NeoBiota 65, 71.
Urgilés, G.; Celleri, R.; Trachte, K.; Bendix, J. & Orellana-Alvear, J. (2021): Clustering of Rainfall Types Using Micro Rain Radar and LaserDisdrometer Observations in the Tropical Andes. Remote Sensing 13(5), 1-22.
Contreras, P.; Orellana-Alvear, J.; Muñoz, P.; Bendix, J. & Celleri, R. (2021): Influence of Random Forest Hyperparameterization on Short-Term Runoff Forecasting in an Andean Mountain Catchment. Atmosphere 12(2), 1-16.
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DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020238
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Abstract:
Abstract:
The Random Forest (RF) algorithm, a decision-tree-based technique, has become a promising approach for applications addressing runoff forecasting in remote areas. This machine learning approach can overcome the limitations of scarce spatio-temporal data and physical parameters needed for process-based hydrological models. However, the influence of RF hyperparameters is still uncertain and needs to be explored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of RF runoff forecasting models of varying lead time to the hyperparameters of the algorithm. For this, models were trained by using (a) default and (b) extensive hyperparameter combinations through a grid-search approach that allow reaching the optimal set. Model performances were assessed based on the R2, %Bias, and RMSE metrics. We found that: (i) The most influencing hyperparameter is the number of trees in the forest, however the combination of the depth of the tree and the number of features hyperparameters produced the highest variability-instability on the models. (ii) Hyperparameter optimization significantly improved model performance for higher lead times (12- and 24-h). For instance, the performance of the 12-h forecasting model under default RF hyperparameters improved to R2 = 0.41 after optimization (gain of 0.17). However, for short lead times (4-h) there was no significant model improvement (0.69 < R2 < 0.70). (iii) There is a range of values for each hyperparameter in which the performance of the model is not significantly affected but remains close to the optimal. Thus, a compromise between hyperparameter interactions (i.e., their values) can produce similar high model performances. Model improvements after optimization can be explained from a hydrological point of view, the generalization ability for lead times larger than the concentration time of the catchment tend to rely more on hyperparameterization than in what they can learn from the input data. This insight can help in the development of operational early warning systems
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Keywords: |
Ecuador |
Random forests |
discharge |
Water fluxes |
Sokol, Z.; Szturc, J.; Orellana-Alvear, J.; Popová, J.; Jurczyk, A. & Celleri, R. (2021): The role of weather radar in rainfall estimation and its application in meteorological and hydrological modelling—A Review. Remote Sensing 13(3), 351.
Núñez, P.Á.; Silva, B.; Schulz, M.; Rollenbeck, R. & Bendix, J. (2021): Evapotranspiration estimates for two tropical mountain forest using high spatial resolution satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 42(8), 2940--2962.
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DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2020.1864058
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Tropical Mountain Forest (TMF) provides important ecological func-
tions like evapotranspiration (ET) that supplies moisture and energy
to the atmosphere. ET observations are scarce and difficult to
accomplish particularly in areas of high heterogeneity where TMF
are. Remote sensing (RS) allows to quantify and to determine ET
spatial variation at the landscape level. Detail imaginary improves
high spatial variability retrieval. Thought the greater detail intro-
duces cast shadows by trees which hamper image interpretation.
The objective of this study is to characterize ET estimation for the
TMF of the southern Ecuadorian Andes by combining meteorologi-
cal data with high-resolution satellite images. Shadows from high
resolution images were masked out by applying focal statistics. The
analysis included two meteorological periods typical of the area;
a wet period when rain prevails and a dry period when precipitation
is more sporadic. The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was calcu-
lated using the FAO-Penman Montheid method by applying data
obtained from an automatic weather station. The enhanced vege-
tation index (EVI) was derived from 2 m resolution WorldView2
satellite images. Results showed a lower ET mean value during the
wet period: 1.54 mm day−1
compared to 2.37 mm day−1
. Two forest
types, differentiated from its structural composition and topogra-
phical position (ravine and ridge), marked ET spatial variation.
Ravine forest that has a more dense and closed canopy showed
higher ET values for both meteorological conditions. A comparison
between ET estimations and ET field measurements from
a scintillometer device showed a good agreement (coefficient of
correlation r = 0.89) that proves the validity of the method. This
study demonstrates that the application of high spatial resolution
improves ET estimation in TMF especially when shadows are
removed. Also, emphasizes the importance of analysing spatial
heterogeneity to properly assess ecosystem water flux terms.
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Keywords: |
remote sensing |
South Ecuador |
Evapotranspiration |
Noskov, A.; Bendix, J. & Friess, N. (2021): A Review of Insect Monitoring Approaches with Special Reference to Radar Techniques. Sensors 21(4), 1-23.
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DOI: 10.3390/s21041474
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Abstract:
Abstract:
Drastic declines in insect populations are a vital concern worldwide. Despite widespread insect monitoring, the significant gaps in the literature must be addressed. Future monitoring techniques must be systematic and global. Advanced technologies and computer solutions are needed. We provide here a review of relevant works to show the high potential for solving the aforementioned problems. Major historical and modern methods of insect monitoring are considered. All major radar solutions are carefully reviewed. Insect monitoring with radar is a well established technique, but it is still a fast-growing topic. The paper provides an updated classification of insect radar sets. Three main groups of insect radar solutions are distinguished: scanning, vertical-looking, and harmonic. Pulsed radar sets are utilized for all three groups, while frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) systems are applied only for vertical-looking and harmonic insect radar solutions. This work proves the high potential of radar entomology based on the growing research interest, along with the emerging novel setups, compact devices, and data processing approaches. The review exposes promising insect monitoring solutions using compact radar instruments. The proposed compact and resource-effective setups can be very beneficial for systematic insect monitoring.
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Keywords: |
remote sensing |
insect radar |
conservation |
light trap |
FMCW radar |
UGV |
Juhlke, T.; Geldern, R.V.; Barth, J.; Bendix, J.; Bräuning, A.; Garel, E.; Häusser, M.; Huneau, F.; Knerr, I.; Santoni, S.; Szymczak, S. & Trachte, K. (2021): Temporal offset between precipitation and water uptake of Mediterranean pine trees varies with elevation and season. Science of The Total Environment 755, 142539.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142539
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Abstract:
Abstract:
For climate models that use paleo-environment data to predict future climate change, tree-ring isotope variations are one important archive for the reconstruction of paleo-hydrological conditions. Due to the rather complicated pathway of water, starting from precipitation until its uptake by trees and the final incorporation of its components into tree-ring cellulose, a closer inspection of seasonal variations of tree water uptake is important. In this study, branch and needle samples of two pine species (Pinus pinaster and Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) and several water compartments (precipitation, creek, soil) were sampled over a two-year period and analyzed for the temporal variations of their oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ2H) at five sites over an elevation gradient from sea level to around 1600 m a.s.l. on the Mediterranean island of Corsica (France). A new model was established to disentangle temporal relationships of source water uptake of trees. It uses a calculation method that incorporates the two processes mostly expected to affect source water composition: mixing of waters and evaporation. The model results showed that the temporal offset from precipitation to water uptake is not constant and varies with elevation and season. Overall, seasonal source water origin was shown to be dominated by precipitation from autumn and spring. While autumn precipitation was a more important water source for trees growing at mid- (~800–1000 m a.s.l) and high-elevation (~1600 m a.s.l.) sites, trees at coastal sites mostly took up water from late winter and spring. These findings show that predicted decreases in precipitation amounts during the wet season in the Mediterranean can have strong impacts on water availability for pine trees, especially at higher elevations.
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Keywords: |
Oxygen isotopes |
Pine trees |
Hydrogen isotopes |
Mediterranean |
Soil water |
Water uptake |
Bendix, J.; Aguire, N.; Beck, E.; Bräuning, A.; Brandl, R.; Breuer, L.; Böhning-Gaese, K.; de Paula, M.D.; Hickler, T.; Homeier, J. & others, .. (2021): A research framework for projecting ecosystem change in highly diverse tropical mountain ecosystems. Oecologia 1, 1-12.