Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of
South Ecuador: RESPonse and feedback effECTs (FOR2730)

Resumen:

Recent studies raise the hypothesis that Na shortage restricts decomposition and affects the carbon cycle in tropical forests. When Na concentrations in soils are low and the stands are far off-coast, they do not receive substantial Na inputs from the atmosphere. Since terrestrial plants have low concentrations of Na, which is not considered as an essential element, the demand of soil fauna may not be covered. Yet, in contrast to animals, little is known on Na demands of phyllosphere microorganisms. This thesis presents results from a study on Na limitation in a montane forest ecosystem in South Ecuador, which is located on the Eastern cordillera of the Andes, in a microcatchment under an undisturbed lower montane rainforest. The study area is characterized by low Na concentrations because of low deposition rates with incident precipitation and by low Na stocks in in the soils and in the organic layer. Sodium fluxes in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, litter leachate, litterfall and organic layer have been monitored since 1998. Results reveal overall low Na concentrations in the ecosystem fluxes. Higher Na fluxes with incident rainfall than with throughfall suggest that Na is retained in the canopy. Therefore, this study aims at testing the hypothesis that Na is retained in the canopy because of Na limitation of microorganisms in phyllosphere. To explore the role of the phyllosphere in Na retention, I sampled leaves covered by phyllosphere microorganisms and leaves without phyllosphere cover from 12 tree species belonging to 7 plant families frequently occurring in the study area. The fresh leaves were sprayed with a NaCl solution containing 1 mg L-1 Na, corresponding to the Na concentration in incident rainfall in the study area during La Niña events. Comparison with a control treatment excluded effects by abiotic Na fixation on the surface of the leaves. The results show that increasing phyllosphere cover leads to a significantly enhanced Na retention, which is much higher on understory tree leaves than on leaves of the upper canopy. Leaching of K, Ca and Mg was higher with increasing degree of phyllosphere cover, which can be attributed to increasing element exchange between foliage and phyllosphere with leaf age. These results suggest that Na availability possibly plays a regulating role in the study ecosystem which might even grow in importance if Na deposition from the atmosphere continues to decrease or stabilizes at the current low level.

Resumen:

Recent studies raise the hypothesis that Na shortage restricts decomposition and affects the carbon cycle in tropical forests. When Na concentrations in soils are low and the stands are far off-coast, they do not receive substantial Na inputs from the atmosphere. Since terrestrial plants have low concentrations of Na, which is not considered as an essential element, the demand of soil fauna may not be covered. Yet, in contrast to animals, little is known of Na demands of fungi and phyllosphere microorganisms. We present results from a study on Na limitation in a montane forest ecosystem in South Ecuador, which is located on the eastern cordillera of the Andes. We tested the hypotheses that (1) the study area is characterized by low Na concentrations because of low deposition rates with incident precipitation (wind directions mainly from the Amazonian Basin), (2) decomposition processes are limited by fauna and fungal Na restrictions and (3) Na is retained in the canopy because of Na limitation of microorganisms in phyllosphere. Since 1998, we measure Na fluxes in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, litter leachate, litterfall and organic layer in a microcatchment under an undisturbed lower montane rainforest. Results reveal comparatively low Na concentrations in the ecosystem and similar Na concentrations in throughfall and stemflow. Since Na fluxes are lower with throughfall than with incident rainfall, we conclude that Na is retained in the canopy. To explore the role of the phyllosphere in Na retention we sampled leaves covered by phyllosphere microorganisms and leaves without phyllosphere cover from several tree species, which were sprayed with a NaCl solution containing 0.5 mg L-1 Na, corresponding to the Na concentration in incident rainfall in our study area. Additionally, responses of litter decomposition to Na additions and the involved interaction of soil fungi and fauna were tested in a litterbag experiment at two sites (1000 and 2000 m a.s.l.). Results revealed enhanced decomposition rates following Na additions, though only in the presence of soil fauna. These results might have future ecosystem implications, since our time series showed that total Na deposition decreased within the past 15 years from ca. 40 kg ha-1 a-1 to 10 kg ha-1 a-1, suggesting a potential role of Na in regulating ecosystem processes.