- Effects from climate change, adaptations and
greenhouse gas reduction at 2050

Abstract:

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are among the chief factors shaping the mode and magnitude of interactions between plants and herbivorous insects. Here, we describe the first global analysis of systemic transcriptomic responses of grapevine Vitis vinifera plants to feeding of European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana larvae at future elevated CO2 concentrations. The study was conducted on mature, fruit-bearing grapevine plants under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in a grapevine free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. Grapevine transcriptional response to herbivory was clearly dependent on phenological stage, with a higher number of differentially expressed genes identified at fruit development compared to berry ripening. At fruit development, more transcripts were differentially expressed as a response to herbivory under elevated compared to ambient CO2 concentrations. Classification of the respective transcripts revealed that in particular genes involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant-pathogen interactions were significantly enriched. Most of these genes had similar expression patterns under both CO2 concentrations, with a higher fold-change under elevated CO2 concentrations. Differences in expression levels of a subset of herbivory responsive genes were further validated by RT-qPCR. Our study indicates that future elevated CO2 concentrations will affect interactions between grapevine plants and one of its key insect pests, with consequences for future relevance of L. botrana in worldwide viticulture.

Abstract:

Future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will potentially enhance grassland biomass production and shift the functional group composition with consequences for ecosystem functioning. In the “GiFACE” experiment (Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), fertilized grassland plots were fumigated with elevated CO2 (eCO2) year-round during daylight hours since 1998, at a level of +20% relative to ambient concentrations (in 1998, aCO2 was 364 ppm and eCO2 399 ppm; in 2014, aCO2 was 397 ppm and eCO2 518 ppm). Harvests were conducted twice annually through 23 years including 17 years with eCO2 (1998 to 2014). Biomass consisted of C3 grasses and forbs, with a small proportion of legumes. The total aboveground biomass (TAB) was significantly increased under eCO2 (p = .045 and .025, at first and second harvest). The dominant plant functional group grasses responded positively at the start, but for forbs, the effect of eCO2 started out as a negative response. The increase in TAB in response to eCO2 was approximately 15% during the period from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that there was no attenuation of eCO2 effects over time, tentatively a consequence of the fertilization management. Biomass and soil moisture responses were closely linked. The soil moisture surplus (c. 3%) in eCO2 manifested in the latter years was associated with a positive biomass response of both functional groups. The direction of the biomass response of the functional group forbs changed over the experimental duration, intensified by extreme weather conditions, pointing to the need of long-term field studies for obtaining reliable responses of perennial ecosystems to eCO2 and as a basis for model development.

Abstract:

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils via changes in microbial nitrogen (N) transformations. Several studies have shown that N2O emission increases under elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Here, we present results showing changes in soil N transformation dynamics from the Giessen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (GiFACE): a permanent grassland that has been exposed to eCO2, +20% relative to ambient concentrations (aCO2), for 15 years. We applied in the field an ammonium-nitrate fertilizer solution, in which either ammonium (NHþ 4 ) or nitrate (NO 3 ) was labelled with 15N. The simultaneous gross N transformation rates were analysed with a 15N tracing model and a solver method. The results confirmed that after 15 years of eCO2 the N2O emissions under eCO2 were still more than twofold higher than under aCO2. The tracing model results indicated that plant uptake of NHþ 4 did not differ between treatments, but uptake of NO 3 was significantly reduced under eCO2. However, the NHþ 4 and NO 3 availability increased slightly under eCO2. The N2O isotopic signature indicated that under eCO2 the sources of the additional emissions, 8,407 lg N2O–N/m2 during the first 58 days after labelling, were associated with NO 3 reduction (+2.0%), NHþ 4 oxidation (+11.1%) and organic N oxidation (+86.9%). We presume that increased plant growth and root exudation under eCO2 provided an additional source of bioavailable supply of energy that triggered as a priming effect the stimulation of microbial soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and fostered the activity of the bacterial nitrite reductase. The resulting increase in incomplete denitrification and therefore an increased N2O:N2 emission ratio, explains the doubling of N2O emissions. If this occurs over a wide area of grasslands in the future, this positive feedback reaction may significantly accelerate climate change.

Abstract:

Facing rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, subsoils may play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle due to the presence of unsaturated mineral surfaces. Further, macroaggregation is considered a crucial process influencing C sequestration. However, analyses on subsoil aggregation and C retention processes under long-term elevated CO2 (eCO2) are lacking. In this study we investigated the long-term effect of +20% above ambient CO2 concentration (corresponds to conditions reached 2035–2045) in a temperate grassland ecosystem at the Giessen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (Gi-FACE), Germany. A depth-dependent response of macroaggregation to eCO2 was observed: While in subsoil (15–45?cm depth) macroaggregation increased under eCO2, no CO2 induced change in macroaggregation was detected in topsoil (0–15?cm). Increased macroaggregation in subsoil coincided with higher SOC content of large macroaggregates (LM). Mean residence time (MRT) of SOC in aggregate-size classes were not different among each other under eCO2. However, macroaggregates and bulk soil differed in their MRT between soil depths. Despite increased macroaggregation and an estimated high SOC sequestration potential in subsoil we could not observe an increase in SOC content of bulk soil.

Abstract:

Temperate grasslands play globally an important role, for example, for biodiversity conservation, livestock forage production, and carbon storage. The latter two are primarily controlled by biomass production, which is assumed to decrease with lower amounts and higher variability of precipitation, while increasing air temperature might either foster or suppress biomass production. Additionally, a higher atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) is supposed to increase biomass productivity either by directly stimulating photosynthesis or indirectly by inducing water savings (CO2 fertilization effect). Consequently, future biomass productivity is controlled by the partially contrasting effects of changing climatic conditions and [CO2], which to date are only marginally understood. This results in high uncertainties of future biomass production and carbon storage estimates. Consequently, this study aims at statistically estimating mid-21st century grassland aboveground biomass (AGB) based on 18 years of data (1998–2015) from a free air carbon enrichment experiment. We found that lower precipitation totals and a higher precipitation variability reduced AGB. Under drier conditions accompanied by increasing air temperature, AGB further decreased. Here AGB under elevated [CO2] was partly even lower compared to AGB under ambient [CO2], probably because elevated [CO2] reduced evaporative cooling of plants, increasing heat stress. This indicates a higher susceptibility of AGB to increased air temperature under future atmospheric [CO2]. Since climate models for Central Europe project increasing air temperature and decreasing total summer precipitation associated with an increasing variability, our results suggest that grassland summer AGB will be reduced in the future, contradicting the widely expected positive yield anomalies from increasing [CO2].

Abstract:

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils via changes in microbial nitrogen (N) transformations triggering a positive feedback reaction that could accelerate climate change. Several studies have shown N2O emission increases under elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Here we present results showing changes in soil N transformation dynamics from the Giessen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (GiFACE): a permanent grassland that has been exposed to eCO2, +20% relative to ambient concentrations (aCO2), for 15 years. We applied in the field an ammonium-nitrate fertilizer solution, in which either ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-) was labelled with 15N. The simultaneous gross N transformation rates were analysed with a 15N tracing model and a solver method. The results confirmed that after 15 years of eCO2 the N2O emissions under eCO2 were still more than 2-fold higher than under aCO2. The tracing model results indicated that plant uptake of NH4+ did not differ between treatments, but uptake of NO3- was significantly reduced under eCO2. However, the ratio of gross production and consumption of NH4+ remained unchanged under eCO2, but decreased slightly for NO3-, which increased NO3- availability under eCO2. The N2O isotopic signature indicated that under eCO2 the sources of the additional emissions, 8407 µg N2O-N m-2 during the first 58 days after labelling, were associated with NO3- reduction (+2.0%), NH4+ oxidation (+11.1%) and organic N oxidation (+86.9%). We presume that increased root exudation under eCO2 provided an additional source of bioavailable supply of energy that triggered the stimulation of microbial soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization, as a priming effect, and an increased activity of bacterial nitrite reductase, which caused the shift in N2O:N2 emission ratio, via incomplete denitrification, explaining the positive feedback reaction of doubled N2O emissions.

Abstract:

Global warming is currently a much discussed topic with as yet largely unexplored consequences for agro-ecosystems. Little is known about the warming effect on the bacterial microbiota inhabiting the plant surface (phyllosphere), which can have a strong impact on plant growth and health, as well as on plant diseases and colonization by human pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate surface warming on the diversity and composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota of the herbaceous plant Galium album. Leaves were collected from four control and four surface warmed (+2°C) plots located at the field site of the Environmental Monitoring and Climate Impact Research Station Linden in Germany over a 6-year period. Warming had no effect on the concentration of total number of cells attached to the leaf surface as counted by Sybr Green I staining after detachment, but changes in the diversity and phylogenetic composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota analyzed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing were observed. The bacterial phyllosphere microbiota were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Warming caused a significant higher relative abundance of members of the Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and a lower relative abundance of members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Plant beneficial bacteria like Sphingomonas spp. and Rhizobium spp. occurred in significantly lower relative abundance in leaf samples of warmed plots. In contrast, several members of the Enterobacteriaceae, especially Enterobacter and Erwinia, and other potential plant or human pathogenic genera such as Acinetobacter and insect-associated Buchnera and Wolbachia spp. occurred in higher relative abundances in the phyllosphere samples from warmed plots. This study showed for the first time the long-term impact of moderate (+2°C) surface warming on the phyllosphere microbiota on plants. A reduction of beneficial bacteria and an enhancement of potential pathogenic bacteria in the phyllosphere of plants may indicate that this aspect of the ecosystem which has been largely neglected up till now, can be a potential risk for pathogen transmission in agro-ecosystems in the near future.

Abstract:

Overview of the B3 working package of the FACE2FACE Programme. Includes methods and model setup, N balance of the field site, simulation results of biomass and CO2 emissions with and without groundwater, as well as an outlook for the phase-out period.

Abstract:

Compares simulations of plant biomass and CO2 emissions of the Giessen FACE grassland with and without groundwater-borne nitrate.

Abstract:

Shows how simulated biomass, soil moisture and greenhouse gas emissions are affected by the measured N deficit of the Giessen FACE grassland.

Abstract:

Displays how field site data from the Giessen FACE are processed into simulations of soil moisture, biomass and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O). Simulations are displayed in GLUE-like uncertainty analysis. Gives an outlook how the N-deficit of the field site may be connected to groundwater N supply.

Abstract:

Overview of the model setup for the Giessen FACE grassland ecosystem, including preliminary simulation results for CO2 emissions and outlook.